Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Medications for Parkinson’s disease play a critical role in managing symptoms like tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement. Understanding the available treatments helps you and your family make informed decisions.
How Carbidopa-Levodopa Works
Carbidopa-levodopa is one of the most commonly prescribed medications for Parkinson’s disease. Levodopa converts to dopamine in the brain, while carbidopa makes sure that levodopa reaches the brain without breaking down prematurely. This combination helps control movement-related symptoms.
Carbidopa-levodopa is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and inhalers. This flexibility allows patients to manage their symptoms effectively throughout the day.
Dopamine Agonists: Another Option
Dopamine agonists mimic the effects of dopamine in the brain. They do not convert to dopamine but directly stimulate the dopamine receptors. Some of the medications in this category include pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine.
Dopamine agonists can have longer-lasting effects than carbidopa-levodopa, but they may also cause side effects such as drowsiness and hallucinations, especially in older adults. They are often used in the earlier stages of Parkinson’s or alongside levodopa.
MAO-B Inhibitors for Symptom Control
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors is responsible for blocking the enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the brain. This makes more dopamine available, improving movement symptoms. Common MAO-B inhibitors include selegiline and rasagiline.
These medications are typically used in mild stages of Parkinson’s or in combination with other treatments to reduce the wearing-off effect of levodopa, as cited by the Parkinson’s Foundation.
COMT Inhibitors for Prolonged Effects
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, like entacapone, help prolong the effect of levodopa by blocking the enzyme that breaks it down. This allows the medication to remain in your system longer and better control symptoms.
COMT inhibitors are usually added to a treatment plan when carbidopa-levodopa’s effect begins to fade between doses. Patients taking this combination therapy can experience more consistent relief throughout the day.
Anticholinergics for Tremor Reduction
Anticholinergics target the imbalance of acetylcholine and dopamine in the brain, helping to reduce tremors. These medications, such as trihexyphenidyl and benztropine, are more commonly used in younger individuals with Parkinson’s.
Anticholinergics are not typically recommended for older adults because they can cause confusion, memory issues, and dry mouth. Their use has decreased over the years as other treatments have become more effective.
Amantadine for Short-Term Relief
Amantadine is an antiviral drug that can help reduce Parkinson’s symptoms like tremors and stiffness. It is often prescribed for short-term relief, especially in the early stages of the disease or when a patient experiences dyskinesia, an involuntary movement caused by long-term levodopa use.
Amantadine can cause side effects, including purple mottling of the skin, swelling, and insomnia. It is typically used when other medications are less effective in managing certain symptoms.
Deep Brain Stimulation: A Surgical Option
While not a medication, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an important treatment option for those with advanced Parkinson’s disease. DBS involves implanting electrodes into the brain to send electrical signals that help control movement symptoms. It is often considered when medications for Parkinson’s disease no longer provide adequate relief.
DBS does not stop the progression of the disease, but it can significantly improve quality of life for many patients, as noted by the Mayo Clinic.
Making the Right Choice for Your Family Member
Choosing the right medications for Parkinson’s disease depends on various factors, including symptom severity, age, and response to treatments. Working closely with healthcare providers can help identify the most appropriate plan.
Always stay informed about potential side effects, and discuss with your doctor if any medication is no longer effective or causes unwanted symptoms. Making adjustments to the treatment regimen can enhance the quality of life for those living with Parkinson’s disease.
